The basis for reliable RFID tagging in industry and logistics

The frequency band is one of the central technical foundations of every RFID application and describes the frequency range in which an RFID system operates using radio frequency identification. It defines the range in which readers and RFID transponders communicate via radio waves. The frequency band has a significant influence on range, reading speed, susceptibility to interference, and suitability for certain materials and operating environments. Choosing the right frequency band is therefore crucial for stable and reliable RFID tagging.

PMG develops and produces RFID labels, tags, and transponders that are specifically tailored to the requirements of the respective frequency bands—from short-range applications to automated bulk handling.

What is an RFID frequency band?

An RFID frequency band describes the frequency range over which readers and transponders communicate with each other. Depending on the frequency band, physical properties such as propagation, wavelength, penetration depth into materials, and reaction to environmental factors such as metal or liquids differ. The bandwidth and power of the frequency band determine the data transmission as well as the maximum range and distance at which an RFID tag can be read.

Three RFID frequency bands have become established in industrial practice:

• LF (Low Frequency)
• HF (High Frequency)
• UHF (Ultra High Frequency)



Each of these frequency bands meets different requirements and application scenarios.

LF – Low Frequency (ca. 125–134 kHz)

LF systems operate at low frequencies in the range of approximately 125 to 134 kHz and are characterized by very robust signal transmission.

Typical characteristics:

• Short range (usually a few centimeters)
  
• Insensitive to metal and liquids
  
• Very stable reading in difficult environmental conditions
  
• Low data transfer rate

Typical areas of application:

• Animal identification with passive RFID tags
  
• Access control
  
• Special applications with extreme sources of interference

LF plays a minor role in traditional industrial and logistics environments, but remains relevant for special identification tasks.

HF – High Frequency (13,56 MHz)

HF systems are one of the most commonly used frequency bands and offer a balanced compromise between range, stability, and cost.

Typical characteristics:

• Range up to approx. 10–30 cm
  
• Good control of individual reading processes
  
• Relatively insensitive to interference
  
• Suitable for targeted individual identification

Typical areas of application:

• Medical technology and healthcare
  
• Smart cabinets
  
• Tool and instrument tracking
  
• Access and identification systems

PMG offers HF-optimized RFID labels and special tags that are used in particular where controlled readings and high process reliability are required.

UHF – Ultra High Frequency (860–960 MHz)

UHF systems are the preferred frequency band for modern logistics, production, and industrial processes. 
They enable long ranges and fast bulk detection.

Typical characteristics:

• Ranges of several meters
  
• Very high reading speed
  
• Simultaneous detection of many RFID transponders possible
  
• Higher sensitivity to metal and liquids

Typical areas of application:

• Intralogistics and supply chain management
  
• Production control
  
• Supply chain tracking
  
• Retail and smart stores

PMG develops special UHF solutions - such as PMG RFID FlagTags, PMG RFID onMetal tags, and robust industrial labels -that are specifically designed to achieve reliable reading results even under difficult material and environmental conditions.

Selecting the correct frequency band

The choice of the appropriate RFID frequency band depends on several factors:

• Desired range and distance between reader and transponder
  
• Number of objects to be recorded simultaneously
  
• Material properties of the object to be tagged
  
• Space conditions and installation situation
  
• Requirements for automation and process speed

PMG provides support in selecting the appropriate frequency band and develops customized RFID tagging solutions – from standard applications to customer-specific special solutions.

Frequency band as the basis of every RFID solution

The frequency band is not an interchangeable detail, but rather the technical basis of every RFID application. The wrong choice can lead to unstable readings, process interruptions, and increased integration costs.
Through a combination of sound advice, material-optimized designs, and practical development, PMG ensures that RFID labels, tags, and transponders are optimally matched to the respective frequency band and specific area of application.

FAQ

What is an RFID frequency band?
An RFID frequency band refers to the range of electromagnetic waves in which an RFID system operates. It defines the frequency at which readers and transponders communicate and has a significant impact on range, data transmission, and susceptibility to interference.

What are the differences between LF, HF, and UHF RFID systems?
LF systems operate at low frequencies and are particularly robust against metal and liquids, but have a short range. HF systems offer a medium range and are widely used for individual identification, while UHF systems enable long ranges and fast bulk detection, but are more sensitive to environmental conditions.

How do I choose the right frequency band for my application?
The choice of frequency band depends on factors such as the required range, the number of objects to be detected, the material properties of the products, and the process speed requirements. Expert advice and selection help to ensure optimum read reliability and efficiency.

What role does the power supply play in RFID systems?
The power supply distinguishes between passive, active, and semi-active transponders. Passive transponders draw their energy from the reader's electromagnetic field, while active transponders have their own power source, which enables greater ranges.

Why is the choice of frequency band so important for the operation of RFID systems?
The frequency band determines the physical properties of the radio waves, such as range and susceptibility to interference. The wrong choice can lead to poor reading results, process failures, and increased costs. It is therefore essential to carefully match the frequency band to the application.